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Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) refers to
The Human Genome Project employed two major methodologies: (1) Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) focusing on all genes expressed as RNA, and (2) Sequence Annotation sequencing the entire genome blindly including coding and non-coding regions!
The Human Genome Project utilized two contrasting sequencing paradigms:
NCERT states verbatim: "The methodologies involved two major approaches. One approach focused on identifying all the genes that are expressed as RNA (referred to as Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs))."
ESTs are generated by reverse-transcribing cellular messenger RNAs into complementary DNAs (cDNAs) and sequencing short fragments, completely bypassing non-coding intergenic and intronic genomic DNA.
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ESTs represent an unbiased, comprehensive survey of all transcribed RNAs in a tissue, not an arbitrary selection of "certain important" genes.
Matches NCERT verbatim: ESTs specifically refers to identifying all genes that are expressed as RNA.
Many transcribed RNAs (e.g., rRNAs, tRNAs, snRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that are never translated into proteins.
Sequencing the entire genome regardless of expression status is the Sequence Annotation approach.
Students frequently equate "expression" with "protein synthesis". In molecular genetics, the primary step of gene expression is transcription into RNA. ESTs capture all RNA transcripts, including non-coding RNAs.
"One approach focused on identifying all the genes that are expressed as RNA (referred to as Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs))."
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