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Veneral diseases can spread through: (a) Using sterile needles (b) Transfusion of blood from infected person (c) Infected mother to foetus (d) Kissing (e) Inheritance Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
Sterile needles prevent disease transmission (eliminates (a)). STIs are infectious microbial diseases, not inherited genetic disorders (eliminates (e)). Blood transfusion (b) and vertical transmission from mother to foetus (c) are canonical transmission routes for STIs like Hepatitis-B and HIV. Option (3) is the only valid choice!
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) or Venereal Diseases (VDs) / Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) are infections transmitted predominantly through sexual intercourse. However, several systemic STIs (notably Hepatitis B virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV) share additional parenteral and vertical routes: - (b) Transfusion of contaminated blood: Direct intravenous inoculation of blood or blood products from an infected donor transmits pathogens. - (c) Transplacental / Vertical transmission: Pathogens can cross the placenta from an infected mother to the developing foetus (e.g. *Treponema pallidum* causing congenital syphilis; HIV causing pediatric AIDS; Hepatitis B during parturition).
- (a) Using sterile needles: Sterile needles are single-use, pathogen-free instruments that prevent microbial transmission; unsterile / shared needles transmit infections. - (d) Kissing: Casual contact and saliva exchange through social kissing do not transmit classic venereal diseases or HIV/Hepatitis B. - (e) Inheritance: STIs are communicable infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, or protozoa, not heritable genetic traits passed down via gametic DNA chromosomes.
Diagnose every choice: Know exactly why the right option works and why distractors fail.
Incorrect because statement (a) claims sterile needles spread disease, which is the exact opposite of medical reality.
Incorrect because kissing (d) is not a standard route of transmission for STIs.
Correct. Accurately identifies blood transfusion and maternal-foetal transmission as verified routes.
Incorrect due to the false inclusion of sterile needles (a).
Under exam pressure, students see "needle" and instinctively associate it with HIV/hepatitis transmission, failing to register the critical adjective "sterile". Sterile needles eliminate risk!
"STIs can spread through blood transfusion from infected persons and from an infected mother to foetus."
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